Pension taxation depends on the type of pension and the retiree’s home country.
State Pensions
Often taxable in Spain unless a treaty states otherwise.
Private Pensions
Taxed as general income.
Lump‑Sum Withdrawals
Taxed at progressive rates; planning ahead can reduce tax impact.
Government Pensions (e.g., military, civil service)
Often taxed only in the country of origin, depending on treaties.
Retirees should consult a tax advisor familiar with international pensions to optimize their tax situation.